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modern physics

< [1][2] Modern science is typically divided into three major branches:[3] natural sciences (e.g., physics, chemistry, and biology), which study the physical world; the social sciences (e.g., economics, psychology, and sociology), which study individuals and societies;[4][5] and the formal sciences (e.g., logic, mathematics, and theoretical computer science), which study formal systems, governed by axioms and rules.[6][7] There is disagreement whether the formal sciences are science disciplines,[8][9][10] because they do not rely on empirical evidence.[11][9] Applied sciences are disciplines that use scientific knowledge for practical purposes, such as in engineering and medicine.[12][13][14] The history of scientific discipline spans the majority of the historical record, with the earliest written records of identifiable predecessors to modern science dating to Bronze Age Egypt and Mesopotamia from around 3000 to 1200 BCE. Their contributions to mathematics, astronomy, and medicine entered and shaped the Greek natural philosophy of classical antiquity, whereby formal attempts were made to provide explanations of events in the physical world based on natural causes, while further advancements, including the introduction of the Hindu–Arabic numeral system, were made during the Golden Age of India.[15]: 12 [16][17][18] Scientific research deteriorated in these regions after the fall of the Western Roman Empire during the early middle ages (400 to 1000 CE), but in the Medieval renaissances (Carolingian Renaissance, Ottonian Renaissance and the Renaissance of the 12th century) scholarship flourished again. Some Greek manuscripts lost in Western Europe were preserved and expanded upon in the Middle East during the Islamic Golden Age[19] and later by the efforts of Byzantine Greek scholars who brought Greek manuscripts from the dying Byzantine Empire to Western Europe in the Renaissance. The recovery and assimilation of Greek works and Islamic inquiries into Western Europe from the 10th to 13th century revived "natural philosophy",[20][21][22] which was later transformed by the Scientific Revolution that began in the 16th century[23] as new ideas and discoveries departed from previous Greek conceptions and traditions.[24][25] The scientific method soon played a greater role in knowledge creation and it was not until the 19th century that many of the institutional and professional features of science began to take shape,[26][27] along with the changing of "natural philosophy" to "natural science".[28] >

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Science is a rigorous, systematic endeavor that builds and organizes knowledge in the form of testable explanations and predictions about the world.

Modern physics is a branch of physics that developed in the early 20th century and onward or branches greatly influenced by early 20th century physics. Notable branches of modern physics include quantum mechanics, special relativity and general relativity. Classical physics is typically concerned with everyday conditions: speeds are much lower than the speed of light, sizes are much greater than that of atoms, and energies are relatively small. Modern physics, however, is concerned with more extreme conditions, such as high velocities that are comparable to the speed of light (special relativity), small distances comparable to the atomic radius (quantum mechanics), and very high energies (relativity). In general, quantum and relativistic effects are believed to exist across all scales, although these effects may be very small at human scale. While quantum mechanics is compatible with special relativity (See: Relativistic quantum mechanics), one of the unsolved problems in physics is the unification of quantum mechanics and general relativity, which the Standard Model of particle physics currently cannot account for. Modern physics is an effort to understand the underlying processes of the interactions of matter using the tools of science & engineering. In a literal sense, the term modern physics means up-to-date physics. In this sense, a significant portion of so-called classical physics is modern.[1] However, since roughly 1890, new discoveries have caused significant paradigm shifts:[1] especially the advent of quantum mechanics (QM) and relativity (ER). Physics that incorporates elements of either QM or ER (or both) is said to be modern physics. It is in this latter sense that the term is generally used.[1] Modern physics is often encountered when dealing with extreme conditions. Quantum mechanical effects tend to appear when dealing with "lows" (low temperatures, small distances), while relativistic effects tend to appear when dealing with "highs" (high velocities, large distances), the "middles" being classical behavior. For example, when analyzing the behavior of a gas at room temperature, most phenomena will involve the (classical) Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution. However near absolute zero, the Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution fails to account for the observed behavior of the gas, and the (modern) Fermi–Dirac or Bose–Einstein distributions have to be used instead. German physicists Albert Einstein (1879–1955), founder of the theory of relativity, and Max Planck (1858–1947), founder of quantum theory Very often, it is possible to find – or "retrieve" – the classical behavior from the modern description by analyzing the modern description at low speeds and large distances (by taking a limit, or by making an approximation). When doing so, the result is called the classical limit Hallmarks Main articles: History of quantum mechanics and History of relativity These are generally considered to be the topics regarded as the "core" of the foundation of modern physics: Atomic theory and the evolution of the atomic model in general Black-body radiation Oil drop experiment Franck–Hertz experiment Geiger–Marsden experiment (Rutherford's experiment) Gravitational lensing Michelson–Morley experiment Photoelectric effect Quantum thermodynamics Radioactive phenomena in general Perihelion precession of Mercury Stern–Gerlach experiment Wave–particle duality Solid-state physics

ABOUT FRUITS AND VEGETABLE

These Are the Main Differences Between Fruits and Vegetables Everything you thought you knew about produce is about to be turned on its head. Here's how to differentiate fruits from vegetables (the list may surprise you). The difference between fruits and vegetables seems obvious—for example, we all know that apples are fruits and cucumbers are vegetables. But are they really? Apples are indeed fruits, but you might be surprised to learn that cucumbers are, botanically speaking, a fruit as well. There are edible plants that we designate fruits and vegetables based on their flavor and how we use them in cooking, but by using that way of identification, some plants are often misclassified. The most controversial example of misclassified produce is the tomato—is it a fruit or a vegetable? It has seeds and a structure like an apple, but it doesn't have the same sweet taste as most fruits. Most of us would call tomatoes a vegetable because you grow them in a vegetable garden with potatoes, lettuce, and carrots (which are vegetables). Since a court ruling in 1893, tomatoes are considered vegetables in the United States. But, scientifically, tomatoes are actually fruits. Here are a few more facts about fruits and vegetables that might make you rethink a few things. How to Classify Fruits and Vegetables From a culinary standpoint, fruits and vegetables are separated based on flavor: fruits are sweet or sour, and vegetables are mild and savory. Fruits make great garnishes, desserts, or juices, while vegetables are a hearty side dish or base for a main course. Nutritionally, the only large generalization that can be made is that sweet fruits tend to be higher in natural sugars. Other than that, vitamins, sugar content, fiber, and carbohydrates vary a lot by the individual plant. The USDA recommends eating a mix of fruits and vegetables throughout the day to get a larger variety of vitamins and nutrients. Although we use these fruits and vegetables in a certain way in the kitchen, their botanical makeup classifies them differently. Fruits come from the flower of the plant that they grow on. If the produce develops in parts of the plants other than the flower, it's considered a vegetable. Fruits contain seeds. Vegetables consist of roots, stems, and leaves. How to Cook Eggplant—5 Simple Methods On the grill, roasted, sautéed, and—yes—even in the microwave, this vegetable is as versatile as it is delicious. Rich in fiber, cancer-fighting antioxidants, and low in calories (just 20 per cup), eggplant is one of the most versatile vehicles for sneaking extra nutrition into the diets of picky eaters and produce-lovers alike. Its sturdy texture and mild flavor allow for several different methods of cooking, including breading, baking, and so much more. Although eggplants can be found at supermarkets year-round, peak season is July through October. So in late summer, you'll want to keep these tips on how to cook eggplant handy. We've rounded up your complete guide for the best ways to prepare eggplant. How to Choose the Best Eggplant When you think of eggplant, you probably envision the large pear-shaped or cylindrical varieties with shiny, purple skin. Although this is the most common variety in the United States, eggplant does vary in shape and size, from a couple of inches to a foot long. The color varies with variety, including white, green, reddish-orange, and striated hues. Want to grow your own eggplant? Our garden pros can teach you how. Look for a firm, glossy-skinned eggplant that's heavy for its size and has a bright, mold-free top. Younger, smaller eggplants are usually less bitter than larger or older ones. Since eggplants are quite perishable, store them whole in the refrigerator 2 to 4 days. How to Peel Eggplant and Prep It to Cook As with all produce that you slice through the peel (such as avocado or melon) or plan to eat with the peel still on (like eggplant or apples), it's important to wash vegetables properly before using for food safety. While the skin of a small young eggplant is edible, the skin becomes bitter on larger or older eggplants and should be peeled. When in doubt, the answer to, "Do you peel eggplant before cooking?" is yes, peel it. Use a vegetable peeler or paring knife to remove the skin. The flesh discolors soon after peeling, so only peel eggplants right before using. How to Grill Eggplant GET THE EGGPLANT PANZANELLA RECIPE Eggplant is a natural for the grill, due to its dense and sturdy interior, which acts like a sponge and soaks up marinade, oil or butter, and smoky flavor. It's also quick to prep since it requires no precooking. Follow these steps for how to grill eggplant on your own gas or charcoal grill: Cut off the top and bottom ends, and if you like, peel the skin. Then cut the flesh into ½- to 1-inch slices. You can halve small eggplants lengthwise instead of slicing. Generously brush the slices on all sides with olive oil, melted butter, or cooking oil (or use an oil-based marinade). This adds flavor and keeps the slices from sticking to the grill rack. Season as desired with herbs, salt, and black pepper. Place the eggplant slices on a piece of heavy foil or directly on the grill rack. For a charcoal grill: Place the eggplant on the rack directly over medium coals. Grill, uncovered, about 8 minutes or until crisp-tender, turning occasionally. For a gas grill: Preheat the grill. Reduce the heat to medium. Place the eggplant on the grill rack directly over the heat. Cover and grill about 8 minutes or until crisp-tender, turning occasionally.